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翻訳と辞書　辞書検索 [ 開発暫定版 ] スポンサード リンク Judicial activism ： ウィキペディア英語版 Judicial activism Judicial activism refers to judicial rulings suspected of being based on personal or political considerations rather than on existing law. It is sometimes used as an antonym of judicial restraint.〔Christopher Wolfe, ''Judicial activism'', Rowman & Littlefield, ISBN 0-8476-8531-4.〕 The definition of judicial activism, and which specific decisions are activist, is a controversial political issue, particularly in the United States. The question of judicial activism is closely related to constitutional interpretation, statutory construction, and separation of powers. ==Origins of the term== Arthur Schlesinger Jr. initially introduced the term "judicial activism" in a January 1947 ''Fortune'' magazine article titled "The Supreme Court: 1947". Today, use of the phrase borders on the ubiquitous. As Keenan Kmiec〔Currently an attorney in private practice, at the time, Kmeic was serving as one of Justice Samuel Alito's law clerks; bio at http://www.hunterkmiec.com/about.html〕 observes, "()uring the 1990s, the terms "judicial activism" and "judicial activist" appeared in an astounding 3,815 journal and law review articles.' In the first four years of the twenty-first century, these terms have surfaced in another 1,817 articles-an average of more than 450 per year."〔Keenan D. Kmiec, ''The Origin and Current Meanings of Judicial Activism'', 92 Cal. L. Rev. 1441 (2004) (citations omitted), available at: http://scholarship.law.berkeley.edu/californialawreview/vol92/iss5/4.〕 But long before that, the general concept already existed. For example, Thomas Jefferson referred to the "despotic behaviour" of Federalist federal judges, in particular, John Marshall.〔(Haines & Sherwood, ''The Role of the Supreme Court in American Government and Politics: 1789–1835'', 1944, p.209 )〕 The phrase has been controversial since it was first coined. An article by Temple University law professor Craig Green,〔Current bio at http://www.law.temple.edu/contact/craig-green/〕 "An Intellectual History of Judicial Activism," is critical of Schlesinger's use of the term, noting that "Schlesinger's original introduction of judicial activism was doubly blurred: not only did he fail to explain what counts as activism, he also declined to say whether activism is good or bad."〔("An Intellectual History of Judicial Activism" ) Craig Green, August 2008, p. 4〕 But as Australian constitutional scholar Greg Craven laments, "()udicial activism is one of those phenomena far more often talked about than defined."〔Greg Craven, "Reflections on Judicial Activism: More in Sorrow than in Anger," speech (to Samuel Griffith Society: Perth, Australia) (Oct. 24-26, 1997), available at http://www.samuelgriffith.org.au/papers/html/volume9/v9chap9.htm〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Judicial activism」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク 翻訳と辞書 : 翻訳のためのインターネットリソース Copyright(C) kotoba.ne.jp 1997-2016. All Rights Reserved.